Statistics in Research - 944 Words

Definition of statistics: Statistics is the science of learning from data, and of measuring, controlling, and communicating uncertainty; and it thereby provides the navigation essential for controlling the course of scientific and societal advances (Davidian, M. and Louis, T. A., 10.1126/science.1218685). Statisticians apply statistical thinking and methods to a wide variety of scientific, social, and business endeavors in such areas as astronomy, biology, education, economics, engineering, genetics, marketing, medicine, psychology, public health, sports, among many. Many economic, social, political, and military decisions cannot be made without statistical techniques, such as the design of experiments to gain federal approval of a newly†¦show more content†¦Statisticians recommend that experiments compare (at least) one new treatment with a standard treatment or control, to allow an unbiased estimate of the difference in treatment effects. 2. Design of experiments, using blocking to reduce the influence of confounding variables, and randomized assignment of treatments to subjects to allow unbiased estimates of treatment effects and experimental error. At this stage, the experimenters and statisticians write the experimental protocol that shall guide the performance of the ex periment and that specifies the primary analysis of the experimental data. 3. Performing the experiment following the experimental protocol and analyzing the data following the experimental protocol. 4. Further examining the data set in secondary analyses, to suggest new hypotheses for future study. 5. Documenting and presenting the results of the study. In contrast, an observational study does not involve experimental manipulation. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. Statistics is applied in the following ways in research: 1. In science A very important component of the Scientific Method is the statistical analysis of your collected data or observations. How you analyze the data, whether done correctly or incorrectly, will ultimately determine the conclusions from your research.Show MoreRelatedResearch and Healthcare Statistics1353 Words   |  6 PagesHealthcare Statistics and Research: Task one Informational Document Linda S. Gaul Western Governors University A1. Research Protocol Provider’s participation in clinical trials as an investigator is critical in development and advancement in treating diseases with new medicines, devices or protocols. Advantages of participation include; professional development, recognition as a leader in the medical community, potential for increased compensation andRead MoreStatistics : Statistical Concepts For Research1678 Words   |  7 PagesConcepts for Research Dr. Veliota Drakopoulou November 20, 2016 Final Paper This paper will give an overview of various approaches that statistics are used in everyday life when finances are concerned. The following three methods will be discussed: Sample Units, Probability, and Bayes Theorem. Hopefully, we have a broader knowledge of the three methods and understand how statistics can help in our everyday life. Let us beginning by discussing the tem statistics. â€Å"The term statistics, originatedRead MoreResearch Statistics and Psychology Essay1012 Words   |  5 Pagesbeginning of time research and statistics have exercised a vital role in psychology. In this succinct writing an elaboration of how research and statistics are utilized in psychology is revealed. Furthermore, the how and why of such components are expounded herein and a detailed look at primary and secondary data are exposed. Research, statistics, primary, and secondary data are imperative in psychological analysis. Implementing each of these variants in psychological research may prove beneficialRead MoreResearch Statistics and Psychology Paper977 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Statistics and Psychology Paper Roberta Parker PSY/315 June 10, 2011 Dr. Julie Wilson Research Statistics and Psychology Paper Research plays a major role in psychology, which research is understood through statistics. Psychologists depend on research to understand theories and to understand how people behave, think, and feel. Research needs to be organized to be understood by psychologists; therefore statistics help organize the information and make the connection between the researchRead MoreResearch, Statistics, and Psychology Paper984 Words   |  4 PagesResearch, Statistics, and Psychology Paper PSY 315 Research, Statistics, and Psychology Paper Two important factors of psychology and studying it are statistics and research. This paper will explain what research is and the scientific method. This paper will also explain how research is important to psychology. When a researcher does studies on psychology they receive data from the subjects, they are studying. In any type of research there are two major types of data, they are primary data andRead MoreUnderstanding Statistics And Research Design2635 Words   |  11 Pagesdefinition of each of the following statistics. You may write out the equations if you like, but you should demonstrate that you understand the statistic’s meaning and how it is used as a tool for research results analysis and/or research design. Mean, Median, Mode, Range, Variance, Standard Deviation, Z-score, Significance Level, Confidence Interval, Between sum of squares, Within sum of squares, Correlation coefficient. Understanding Statistics and Research Design Statistical analysis is a criticalRead MoreProbability and Statistics Research Project3283 Words   |  14 PagesProbability and Statistics Research Project Name: Lakeisha M. Henderson ID: @02181956 Spring 2007 Abstract Table of Contents Principle Component Analysis (PCA) DefinitionÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….4 Uses of PCAÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…5 Illustrative Example of PCAÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…5 Method to Determine PCAÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…..6 Basic Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Purpose and Definition of ANOVAÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…12 Illustrative Example of ANOVAÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Read MoreApplied Business Research and Statistics1261 Words   |  6 Pageshigh cost of tuition. It has 4500 students currently enrolled and has potentially 1500 eligible to submit applications for this new grant money. It needs a study of applicant requirements, job tasks and performance expectations as part of the grant research follow-up study. In this case the self-administered questionnaire would be the best case, because there is a large number of students to be surveyed and it would be easier to administer. It looks like there would be large number of questions thatRead MoreThe Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology1358 Words   |  6 PagesThe Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology Abstract Research and statistics are essential elements within the field of Psychology. Through the evolution of technology, the task of conducting adequate research and statistics methods have become abundant in methodology. Because of such, research collection and experimentation approaches of researchers and Psychologists, greatly vary in specificity. However, one method reigns true and consistent, and that is the ScientificRead MorePsy 201 Research Methods And Statistics738 Words   |  3 PagesKhloe Copeland 1509716 PSY 201 Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology Assignment 2- Short Answer Quiz â€Æ' Question 1. Research, no matter what field, is often conducted and analysed in accordance with two basic approaches: quantitative and qualitative. The quantitative approach aims to test a hypothesis and examine the relationship through generating numerical data or other information that is than converted into numbers, whereas the qualitative approach is more exploratory, aiming

The Opinions On Marijuana Legalization - 829 Words

Richie Adamson Ms. Royce English 6 April 2015 The opinions on marijuana I’m sure you have your own opinion on the legalization of marijuana. Whether it being you are ok with it being legalized or if your totally against it. Or you could just not care. But if you do care you should probably keep reading. If you don’t like the use of marijuana I’m sure you have a good reason for it. If you don’t I hope I can give you a reason to think it’s not so harmful. The first thing were going to talk about is the things that go into marijuana to give you a better idea of it if you don’t already know. Also the different ways that people use this substance. They either roll it up in a hand rolled cigar and this is called a (â€Å"joint†). They also use (â€Å"bongs†) or (â€Å"pipe†) but the most common way is through joint form. If you didn’t know what a bong was, a bong is a filtration device used for smoking cannabis. And a pipe is a device where you shove the cannabis is a hole and you light the end of the piece and inhale. Now that you know some of the ways that it is taken you have a better understanding and know what you’re looking at if you didn’t already know. We should talk about some of the chemicals in marijuana. One of the main chemicals in this drug is (â€Å"THC†). And if you didn’t know what THC is it’s a chemical in the drug that’s supposed to give you that (â€Å"high†) feeling. But there is also other drugs that is supposed to give y9ou the same feeling that is still legalized in ever stated inShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1449 Words   |  6 Pageslegalize marijuana in the 1960s, Americans have become progressively more accepting of requests to liberalize laws restricting possession and use of marijuana, but the shift has not been a straight line. After 11 states decriminalized marijuana possession in the 1970s, recoil led by suburban parents led too much harsher implementation of drug laws. But since California legalized medical marijuana in 1996, outlooks toward the drug have relaxed significantly.(A Brief History of Public Opinion on MarijuanaRead MoreThe War On Drugs And Its Effects On The United States1413 Words   |  6 Pageswith it a public health issue concerning the use and abuse of illegal drugs. Responding to the crisis, the US department of Justice established the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous drugs, which was designed to control illegal drugs, specifically marijuana. Building on the prohibition, in 1971 President Richard Nixon officially declared a â€Å"war on drugs†, which resulted in an increased federal role in the warfare by providing the federal government with power to institute new mandatory sentencing lawsRead MoreShould Marijuana Legalization Be Legal?1532 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana Legalization Marijuana legalization is an issue that the United States is currently facing. Through all branches and aspects of government, the concept of marijuana legalization can be applied and understood. In order to better frame the policy issue, the policy should be viewed through different lenses and all aspects of government. In this essay, it will be shown how marijuana legalization truly incorporates all areas of government interest. First, the politics of marijuana legalizationRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana: A Review of the Literature1843 Words   |  7 PagesCalifornia was the first state to pass a marijuana law in 1913 followed by the rest of the states in the nation until the year of 1937, when marijuana became completely illegal at the federal level. (Guither) Before then, marijuana and specifically hemp had many uses for colonists and farmers and was such a critical crop for a number of purposes, that the government even encouraged its growth. It was not until Henry J. Anslinger saw the Bureau of Narcotics as a fascinating career opportunity thatRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1685 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the legalization of medical marijuana. However, the amount of licensed medical marijuana card holders was small until 2009, when the U.S Attorney General gave the prosecution and legalization of marijuana over to the states. After this, the number of medical marijuana licenses increased greatly in Colorado. Then, in 2012, the sale of recreational marijuana was legalized in Colorado, to all those over the age of 21, and retail stores began selling marijuana in 2014 (Monte). Public opinion on MarijuanaRead MoreLevel Of Morality And Opinion On Marijuana1164 Words   |  5 PagesLevel of Morality and Opinion on Marijuana There is constant argument over what is morally appropriate and what is not. Each individual carries a different set of values and their opinions on what follows the moral code will vary. A lengthy debate continues over the legalization of marijuana, whether it is truly affective from a medical standpoint and morally right to use in a recreational situation. Although there is extensive research on the power of cannabis, it is overshadowed by its negativeRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1232 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The possession, use, cultivation, transportation, and sale of marijuana are illegal under the federal law in the United States. However, the federal government announced that states are allowed to pass a law to legalize marijuana for medical and recreational use, provided that they develop a system to regulate the activities. Under the Controlled Substances Act, passed in 1970, Marijuana is classified as a substance of schedule 1, the highest listing under the legislation. The classificationRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?893 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen declared a Schedule I controlled substance since the the Marijuana Tax Act OF 1973. Nevertheless, today, some countries have legalized cannabis while other countries have not. Moreover, in the United States, some states such as Washington and Colorado have also legalized the possession and usage of marijuana for medical purposes. On the other hand, various penalties are imposed for use or possession of cannabis in most states. M arijuana should be legalize because of the medical and economical adavnagesRead MoreMedical Marijuana Laws and their Effects1556 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Medical Marijuana Laws and their Effects Keith Reese COM/156 7/23/2014 Jennifer Preus Medical Marijuana Laws and their Effects In 1936, George Herliman produced the propaganda film â€Å"Tell Your Children†, later titled â€Å"Reefer Madness†(â€Å"IMBD†, 1990-2014). This film, financed by a church group to display the exaggerated consequences of marijuana usage, was intended to inspire fear in parents and children alike. Though marijuana legalization has become a front burner topicRead MoreLegalizing Marijuana in the U.S. Essay1344 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: LEGALIZATION OF Legalization of Marijuana: A hot topic Tonie J. Moutra GEN 499 Dr. Curt Sobolewski November 26, 2012 The legalization of marijuana for recreational usage could may be a new trend in America but the Federal government will likely oppose usage through the end of time. The Drug Enforcement Administrations (DEA) stance is that marijuana is an illegal drug and that using this drug whether for medicinal or recreational purposes is illegal

Mexican Peso Devaluation free essay sample

Since it is undervalued, this will cause the peso to appreciate. Since the peso is appreciating, this means that it will cost more to export goods and it will in turn make it easier to import. Their current account balance is already in trouble; more importing will only hurt this. In turn, this is a strong indicator that a large devaluation is imminent. 4. Mexico’s total foreign exchange reserves have been gradually increasing since 1970. Since they are on a fixed exchange rate system, it is their responsibility to maintain their fixed rate. My assumption is that since they are increasing their total foreign exchange reserves, they are preparing for the fact that they are going to have to buy back pesos on the open market to prevent it from being devalued. The reason they have to buy pesos on the open market is because their current account is growing in the negative direction, meaning they are importing more than exporting. We will write a custom essay sample on Mexican Peso Devaluation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The money they spent on imports is more than the money they are taking in from exports, creating an excess supply of pesos. In order to eliminate this, the only way is to buy them back. . On June 18 the market for forwards on pesos was anticipating a 20% discount on the peso. This means that investors are willing to essentially pay 5 pesos for 6 pesos in 3 months because they anticipate that their value will be discounted 20%. On 8/27, this number was down to 9. 08%. This shows optimism that the peso will not be devalued relative to the dollar as much as initially anticipated on June 18. This shows that the market was implying the probability of devaluation over a three month period had gone down, although there is still an expected discount of 9. 8% relative to the USD. 6. Since the lending rates to prime borrowers is declining in the U. S. and increasing in Mexico, this shows that Mexico is trying to strengthen the peso relative to the USD. By raising interest rates, they are tryi ng to make domestic assets more attractive in order to raise capital. If other countries start buying their domestic assets, the peso should consequently appreciate vs. the USD. My analysis, however, is that this attempt may be unsuccessful. They are going to have to pay back more so then under lower interest rates. In order to pay back, they are going to be putting more pesos in the world market, ultimately depreciating the value of them. Regardless, the commercial banks actions were in reaction to the fear of the peso depreciating. Even if it causes the peso to depreciate relative to the USD, their intentions were to strengthen their currency. 7. The PPP is 22. 38 pesos/USD based on formulas given from class. Given the new exchange rate of MP20. 5/U. S$ I would say it is reasonably valued. It’s only slightly undervalued by less than $2 so the new exchange rate can definitely be considered reasonable. . If the Mexican government decided not to devalue the peso, there are some options they could’ve taken to keep their fixed rate. First, they could’ve raised the interest rates. This would make domestic assets more attractive to other countries, which would ultimately strengthen their currency. Raised interest rates, however, could potentially affect income levels and employme nt negatively. This is because when interest rates are higher, people generally tend to keep their money in the bank. Also, companies may be wary of taking out loans because of the high interest rate costs. Consumers keeping their money in the bank will cut spending, which will ultimately lead to less jobs and income. Also, if companies are afraid of taking out loans, they most likely will not expand which could create more income and job opportunities. Another approach is to buy pesos with its reserves of foreign currencies. They would do this because there is an excess supply of pesos in the world markets. This approach could in turn end up increasing its current account which would increase GDP. As GDP increases, so does employment and income. 9. All three factors stated in this question lead for a promising future for the peso. If foreign companies are making investments in Mexican oil fields, the result will be increased exports. If exports increase, their current balance will continue to increase as well which will strengthen the peso. It will strengthen the peso because the amount of pesos in the world market relative to other currencies will be decreased as a result of increased exports. Despite these facts, the above information strongly suggests that the peso is going to depreciate from its 12. 5/1 USD exchange rate. If the oil exports go accordingly, it will definitely help offset the path to extreme devaluation.

The Most Exciting Moment Of Our Life Is When We Learn How To Drive And

The most exciting moment of our life is when we learn how to drive and actually get on behind the wheel. Who wouldn't insist to learn to drive especially we turn to the age of 15 or 16. I was really excited when my dad taught me how to drive. When I actually started the first turn on the road, I realized that driving was not easy for me. Since that time, I had told myself that I should not drive so fast on the road because I might get an accident. In order to become better drivers, it is not really necessary that we are men or women. It is the skill of driving and how well trained of driving that person can achieve. We can always remember that learning how to drive is one thing, but learning to be a good driver is asking a person a lot of accomplishment. According to the article, Women are better Drivers, Phyllis Mcginley states that women can achieve a better accomplishment than men for driving an automobile. I do not believe the idea that the author had stated in the article that w omen are better drivers, that discriminates against young male drivers. In North Carolina, car insurance companies base their prices on experience, charging more for less experienced drivers. The highest rates fall on the largest group of new drivers, male teenagers. Accidents increase the insurance rate of the person at fault. Each accident accumulates points on the driver's policy, which raises insurance costs. For a three-point accident, which involves bodily injury or property damage of $2,000, the insurance rate would rise by 65%, according to the California Department of Insurance. The maximum point value is 12, which is given for driving while impaired, a hit-and-run or a combination of lesser offenses. The cost of insurance would then increase to 400 percent of the original rate for a 12-point offense, and insurance points remain effective for exactly three years. Statistically, young male drivers have a significantly higher accident rate than other age groups. According to the N.C. Department of Transportation, drivers 16 to 19 were involved in 13.6 percent of all accidents in 1995, which is the highest accident rate of any three-year age range. Whitehurst Insurance agent Louis Whitehurst explains why rates for young male drivers are higher than for older drivers; in North Carolina, insurance is based on years of experience. Once you have been driving for three years, insurance is the same for everybody, he said. Whitehurst Insurance Agency charges $500 per six months for limited liability for a beginning driver, which goes down to $158 after three years, if the driver has not had any accidents. With such amount of money to pay for car insurance, some people just could not afford it. The Insurance Agency could not simply assume that all young male are risky drivers. There are elderly women who could be very risky on the road. This is why I do not agree with Mcginley that women are necessarily always better drivers because there are many women out there who do not drive very well. For example, my girlfriend's mother, Mrs. Tram does not driver very well on the freeway. She drives too slow below the minimum requirement that posted, 55 miles per hour. She would cause a slow traffic, and she could get a ticket for that. Sometimes, she would just pass the stop sign because she cannot see very well. This is very dangerous for her as well as others. Based on the evidence that Mcginley stated in the article that simply women are good drivers because they are good to take advice, and another is women think that car is a means of transportation. Again, I do not agree with that statement, because I have known my girlfriend who would not drive a car that would look so old. Linh, another girlfriend of mine, answered me that, I would not drive that old car, I would rather take a bus. I think her examples were not statistically signifi cant enough to prove that women are better drivers. Today, young drivers have to pay such an expensive premium on car. Car insurance costs seem unreasonable to my